Transcription, Translation, and Protein Synthesis

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcription is the process in which a synthesis of RNA is created from a DNA template. The entire process takes three steps. Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.

Initiation
Initiation is when the DNA helix splits into a single strand, and is then attached by the RNA polymerse. The RNA attaches to the sequence of DNA that contains the promoter, which details where the RNA is to start.

Elongation 
Once properly connected to the DNA strand, the RNA begins to use the DNA strand as a template for copying the genetic material. It connects the DNA nucleotides to their appropriate, opposite nucleotides (genuine with cytosine and vice-versa).

Termination

 RNA transcription stops when the newly synthesized RNA molecule forms a G-C-rich hairpin loop followed by a run of Us. When the hairpin forms, the mechanical stress breaks the weak rU-dA bonds, now filling the DNA-RNA hybrid. This pulls the poly-U transcript out of the active site of the RNA polymerase, in effect, terminating transcription.


TRANSLATION
Translation is the process of assembling protein molecules from the information encoded in the RNA. It starts off when mRNA goes out of the nucleus and joins a group of ribosomes and together they align to form a pattern.
the tRNA in their respective amino acid go to these ribosomes. The tRNA bear their anticodons complementary to the codon of mRNA.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein synthesis is the process in which individual cells create proteins. Both DNA and all types of RNA are involved in this process. Enzymes in the cells nucleus begin by unwinding the DNA helix.  The RNA forms as a copy of one side of the DNA strand, and is sent to other areas of the cell to aid in the bringing together of different amino acids that form proteins. Protein synthesis is so called because proteins are "synthesized" through mechanical and chemical processes in the cell.

Once the strand of RNA has been made in the nucleus, it is called messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA exits the nucleus through tiny openings called nuclear pores, and moves into the larger area of the cell, known as the cytoplasm. Once it exits the nucleus, the mRNA is drawn toward a structure known as a ribosome, which serves as the cell's work station for protein synthesis. At this point, only one sub-unit of the ribosome is present.